Category: Windows

Sometimes it’s desirable to allow only a single instance of an application per user or even per system. There are several ways you can do this.

FindWindow

In the case of a single instance per user session, you can use FindWindow to enumerate through the window handles for the current user session based on the window class and window title. This is actually how Microsoft Outlook does it. The drawback is that this only supports limiting the current session and it requires a window handle (i.e. doesn’t work in Console applications without creating a hidden window).

Use a File or Registry as a Lock

This method is used by VMware to establish whether a .vmdk file is locked by another process. Sometimes when you get an unclean shutdown of the owning VMware process, the file lock hangs around and the user must manually delete the file in order to boot the VM. This solution does not rely on a window handle and is thus applicable for any application that can access the disk which is good. However just like with with VMWare, using this as a solution for a single application instance could get us into a state where the user can’t run the app at all until they delete the lock file – not good.

CreateMutex

This is one of the most prevalent and well documented. This technique places a uniquely named mutex in the either the global namespace (for a single system-wide instance) or the local namespace (for a single session-wide instance) using the CreateMutex Win32 API call and then detecting whether the object already exists when the application first starts. The mutex is torn down when the last process that holds a handle to the object exits. This prevents use from getting in a stale state where we can’t start any instances of the application at all. Since this solution doesn’t require a handle to a window, it’s suitable for any type of Windows application (e.g. Windows Application/WinForm, Console, Service).

CreateEvent

This technique uses the same concept of a uniquely named event as the mutex technique. Also like the mutex solution, it’s suitable for any type of Windows application and the event is torn down when the last process that holds a handle to the event exits. The reason I choose this method over the global mutex however is that I overload the use of this event to serve as my shutdown signal. This allows me to use the same object to determine if an instance of an application is running as well as signal all instances of the application to terminate if necessary.

Based on my signal terminate solution here, you can limit an application to a single instance by removing this from initialize_terminate_event in signal_terminate.c

  // Make sure our instance of the application didn't already initialize the event
  if( fh_terminate_event != NULL )
  {
    return SUCCESS;
  }

and calling it at the beginning of your application’s main routine like this.

// Library Includes
#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Application Includes
#include "error_codes.h"
#include "terminate.h"
#include "types.h"

Int32 main( Int32 argc, Char* argv[] )
{
  Int32 return_code = initialize_terminate_event( );
  // If the event already exists or if there is an error 
  // creating the event, just exit. 
  if( return_code != SUCCESS )
  {
     return return_code;
  }

  // Main routine here
}

In a particular native C Win32 application, I have a few threads that regularly read a particular set of information while performing their main work routines and a single thread that updates that information. A readers-writer lock is well suited to a workload that is heavily read based with scarce writes.

The Win32 API provides a Slim Reader-Writer Lock. The problem is that it wasn’t added until Vista and I still need to support Windows XP. I wasn’t too keen on writing my own as writing thread-safe code – particularly synchronization objects – is notoriously tricky. A quick search turned up several solutions for a reader-writer lock in C++, but not too many in C. I was even less keen on using a fully-featured RWLock that wasn’t from a mature and active project or porting an implementation from C++. Fortunately, a basic RWL is not that difficult as far as synchronization objects go.

I decided to roll my own and I’ve placed the project on Bitbucket here. As I come across other threading needs, I’ll add any functions and utilities to it. There are certainly no guarantees that my implementation is bug-free but I did at least give a bit of thought. If you find anything, please share so that I can fix it!

Last post I talked about the existing options for creating a temporary file on Win32 and the pros and cons of each. This time I’m going to show you the solution that I normally use.

I stated that a temporary file solution would ideally be:

• Cross-platform
• Guarantee a unique name
• Support SBCS/MBCS/Unicode
• Allow you to have some control over where the file goes
• Automatically delete itself when you close it or the process exits.

I pretty much gave up on the cross-platform goal after reading through the various existing options. The level of complexity that was going to be required to handle all the nuances just wasn’t worth it to me.

A Partial Solution

I settled on a partial solution. One function which returns a temporary filename, supports SBCS/MBCS/Unicode, checks whether the filename already exists, and allows you to specify either the basepath or the filename (or both). Automatically deleting the file when you close it or the process exits is achieved via CreateFile and FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE.

Ignoring the cross-platform goal, there are still two problems with this implementation.

1. By separating the filename creation from the file creation, we still suffer from Race condition 2 “The function only generates filenames which are unique when they are created. By the time the file is opened, it is possible that another process has already created a file with the same name.”
2. CreateFile returns a HANDLE, not a FILE* so you have to the API calls WriteFile, CloseFile, etc. rather than the CRT calls to fwrite, fclose, etc. [1]

[1] It may be possible to convert a Win32 HANDLE to a FILE* based on the information in this article.

Getting the Temporary Filename

#include <Windows.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#define SUCCESS                               +0
#define FAILURE_NULL_ARGUMENT                 -1         
#define FAILURE_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER           -2
#define FAILURE_API_CALL                      -3
#define FAILURE_INVALID_PATH                  -4
#define FAILURE_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS           -5

Bool directory_exists( LPCTSTR p_path )
{
  DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributes( p_path );
  return ( attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
         (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) );
}

Bool file_exists( LPCTSTR p_path )
{
  DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributes( p_path );
  return ( attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
         !(attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) );
}

int get_tmp_filename( LPCTSTR p_filename,
                        LPCTSTR p_basepath,
                        LPTSTR  p_tmp_filename,
                        DWORD   tmp_filename_size )
{
  TCHAR   tmp_path[MAX_PATH]  = { 0 };
  TCHAR   tmp_name[MAX_PATH]  = { 0 };

  // Parameter Validation
  if( p_tmp_filename == NULL )
  {
    return FAILURE_NULL_ARGUMENT;
  }

  // Get a basepath
  if( p_basepath != NULL )
  {
    _tcscpy_s( tmp_path, MAX_PATH, p_basepath );
  }
  else
  { // Use the CWD if a basepath wasn't supplied
    _tcscpy_s( tmp_path, MAX_PATH, TEXT(".\\") );
  }
  if( !directory_exists( tmp_path ) )
  {
    return FAILURE_INVALID_PATH;
  }

  // Form the full filename
  if( p_filename != NULL )
  {
    _tcscpy_s( tmp_name, MAX_PATH, tmp_path );
    _tcscat_s( tmp_name, MAX_PATH, TEXT("\\") ); 
    _tcscat_s( tmp_name, MAX_PATH, p_filename );
  }
  else
  { // Get a temporary filename if one wasn't supplied
    if( GetTempFileName( tmp_path, NULL, 0, tmp_name ) == 0 )
    {
      _ftprintf( stderr, TEXT("Error getting temporary filename in %s.\n"), tmp_path );
      return FAILURE_API_CALL;
    }
  }

  // Copy over the result
  switch( _tcscpy_s( p_tmp_filename, tmp_filename_size, tmp_name ) )
  {
  case 0:
    // Make sure that the file doesn't already exist before we suggest it as a tempfile.
    // They will still get the name in-case they intend to use it, but they have been warned.
    if( file_exists( tmp_name ) )
    {
      return FAILURE_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS;
    }
    return SUCCESS;
    break;
  case ERANGE:
    return FAILURE_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER;
    break;
  default:
    return FAILURE_API_CALL;
    break;
  }
}

Create a File that is Automatically Deleted when the Last Handle is Closed or the Program Terminates Normally

HANDLE h_file = CreateFile( tmpfilename, 
                          GENERIC_READ, 
                          FILE_SHARE_READ, 
                          NULL,
                          OPEN_EXISTING, 
                          FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE,
                          NULL );

An Example of Putting It All Together

  HANDLE h_file;
  int    return_code;
  TCHAR  tmpfilename[_MAX_PATH] = { 0 };

  int return_code = get_tmp_filename( NULL, NULL, tmpfilename, _MAX_PATH );
  switch( return_code )
  {
  case FAILURE_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS:
    break;
  case SUCCESS:
    break;
  default:
    return return_code;
  }

  // Extract the DLL to disk
  h_file = CreateFile( tmpfilename, 
                         GENERIC_READ, 
                         FILE_SHARE_READ, 
                         NULL,
                         OPEN_EXISTING, 
                         FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE,
                         NULL );
  if( h_file == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE )
  {
    _ftprintf( stderr, TEXT("Error creating temporary file %s.\n"), tmpfilename );
    return GetLastError();
  }

So you wanna create a temporary file?

You’re in C, on Windows, and you want to create a temporary file. Ideally it would be:

• Cross-platform
• Guarantee a unique name
• Support SBCS/MBCS/Unicode
• Allow you to have some control over where the file goes
• Automatically delete itself when you close it or the process exits.

You wish. There are at least four primary ways of creating a temporary file (if you include the Secure CRT, Unicode, MBCS, and TCHAR versions then there are at least 12)! Each of these provides one or two of the ideal features above, with a few providing more when used in combination with other functions. None of them provides all of these features.

In this post we discuss what our basic options are when creating a temporary file on Windows in C. In Part 2 we’ll discuss which method I prefer and how I’ve implemented it.

So tell me, What are my Options?

tmpnam

Creates a unique filename for the current-working directory of the process

• Pros:
  • Part of the ISO C Standard
• Cons
  • No unicode support
  • Potentially unsafe if the parameter is non-NULL and insufficiently sized
  • Race condition 1 – If the str parameter NULL, the returned str points to an internal static buffer that will be overwritten by subsequent calls from the same process.
  • Race condition 2 – The function only generates filenames which are unique when they are created. By the time the file is opened, it is possible that another process has already created a file with the same name.

_wtmpnam

Unicode version of tmpnam

Pros/Cons are the same as tmpnam, except it supports UNICODE instead of SBCS/MBCS and is Windows-only.

_ttmpnam

Generic-Text Routine Mapping. Used with TCHAR to map to tmpnam in MBCS builds and _wtmpnam in UNICODE builds.

Pros/Cons are the same as tmpnam/_wtmpnam except it can support either MBCS/UNICODE at build time and is Windows-only

tmpnam_s

Security-Enhanced CRT version of tmpnam

• Pros:
  • Security enhancements (avoids buffer overflow and ensures null termination of string)
• Cons:
  • Unique filenames in CWD only
  • No unicode support
  • Race condition 1 (see tmpnam above)
  • Race condition 2 (see tmpnam above)
  • Windows-only

_wtmpnam_s

Unicode version of tmpnam_s

Pros/Cons are the same as tmpnam_s, except it supports UNICODE instead of SBCS/MBCS.

_ttmpnam_s

Generic-Text Routine Mapping. Used with TCHAR to map to tempnam in MBCS builds and _wtempnam in UNICODE builds.

Pros/Cons are the same as _ttmpnam_s/_wtmpnam_s except it can support either MBCS/UNICODE at build time

_tempnam

From MSDN:

“_tempnam will generate a unique file name for a directory chosen by the following rules:

– If the TMP environment variable is defined and set to a valid directory name, unique file names will be generated for the directory specified by TMP.
– If the TMP environment variable is not defined or if it is set to the name of a directory that does not exist, _tempnam will use the dir parameter as the path for which it will generate unique names.
– If the TMP environment variable is not defined or if it is set to the name of a directory that does not exist, and if dir is either NULL or set to the name of a directory that does not exist, _tempnam will use the current working directory to generate unique names. Currently, if both TMP and dir specify names of directories that do not exist, the _tempnam function call will fail.

The name returned by _tempnam will be a concatenation of prefix and a sequential number, which will combine to create a unique file name for the specified directory. _tempnam generates file names that have no extension. _tempnam uses malloc to allocate space for the filename; the program is responsible for freeing this space when it is no longer needed.”

• Pros:
  • There is a way to use a directory other than the default
  • Allocates memory for the return call so you don’t have to guess the size ahead of time
• Cons:
  • Using a directory other than the default requires changing environment variables for the entire process
  • Holy crap, did you see how complex the rules are just to get a stupid temporary file name?!
  • Only creates a filename, not a file so Race Condition 2 applies again.
  • No Unicode support
  • Allocates memory that the caller has to remember to free (I like to keep my mallocs and frees matched as close together as possible)
  • Windows-only

_wtempnam

Unicode version of _tempnam

Pros/Cons are the same as _tempnam, except it supports UNICODE instead of SBCS/MBCS

_ttempnam

Generic-Text Routine Mapping. Used with TCHAR to map to tempnam in MBCS builds and _wtempnam in UNICODE builds.

Pros/Cons are the same as tempnam/_wtempnam except it can support either MBCS/UNICODE at build time

tmpfile

Creates a temporary file

• Pros:
  • Part of the ISO standard
  • Creates a file (not a filename) and thus avoids Race Condition 2
  • The temporary file is automatically deleted when the file is closed, the program terminates normally, or when _rmtmp is called (assuming that the CWD doesn’t change)
• Cons:
  • Creates a temporary file in the root directory – WTH?! This of course, requires Admin privs on Vista and later.

tmpfile_s

Windows-only version of tmpfile with the Secure-CRT enhancements.

Pros/Cons are otherwise the same as tmpfile.

GetTempFileName

Creates a name for a temporary file. If a unique file name is generated, an empty file is created and the handle to it is released; otherwise, only a file name is generated.

MSDN has an article on “Creating and Using a Temporary File” that uses this function. Note that it uses CreateFile which returns a HANDLE not a FILE*.

• Pros:
  • Supports both Unicode (via GetTempFileNameW macro resolution) and MBCS (via GetTempFileNameA macro resolution)
  • Allows the caller to specify the path (yay!)
  • Allows the caller to specify a filename prefix (up to three characters)
• Cons:
  • Caller needs to make sure the out buffer is MAX_PATH chars to avoid buffer overflow
  • While it can create the file, it releases the handle, which the caller has to reopen. This can create a security vulnerability where someone else can get to the file before the intented caller does.
  • Windows-only

 

So you’re writing a console application and you think “Hey, it would be great if I could catch power events so I could:”

• get all my data in a sane state before a shutdown
• defer heavy processing until we are back on AC power
• reinitialize network resources if we just returned from an unexpected sleep state

You fire off a Google search for “Windows Power Events” and you quickly come across this MSDN article that tells you that you need to call the RegisterPowerSettingNotification API function. Super! Then you quickly notice a few problems:

1. The RegisterPowerSettingNotification function takes either a Window Handle or a SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE.
   1. You’re a console application so you don’t have a Window handle.
   2. You aren’t running as a service so you can’t call RegisterServiceCtrlHandlerEx to get a SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE
2. The minimum supported client is Windows Vista and you would like to at least support Windows XP forward.

Ahh, crap. As far as my (prolonged) search results show, there is no way to receive power events without either having a window handle, running as a service or being a device driver. Period.

Enter the Hidden Window

The best solution to this problem that I’ve come across is to create a hidden window. It seems like such a hack, but it does work! There are a few things you need to be aware of when using this method. As per MSDN recommendations one should generally use a single thread to create all of their windows. The system directs messages to individual windows, so you need to process the message queue on the same thread that created the window*. In a Windows application this is generally all done in WinMain. However for a console application, we likely have other things going on in the main thread, especially if we want the power event notifications to be available early on in the application startup process. Therefore I create a separate thread which will create the hidden window, register for power events, and then continuously process the message loop.

* In fact, the message queue is really the thing that we need in all this so that we can receive the WM_POWERBROADCAST messages. AFAIK, the only ways to get a message queue are via creating a window or running as a service.

Power Events

After you have a thread and create a window you will automatically receive the WM_POWERBROADCAST messages in your message queue for the following power events:

Windows 2000 and Later
PBT_APMPOWERSTATUSCHANGE
PBT_APMRESUMEAUTOMATIC
PBT_APMRESUMESUSPEND
PBT_APMSUSPEND
PBT_POWERSETTINGCHANGE

Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 only
PBT_APMBATTERYLOW
PBT_APMOEMEVENT
PBT_APMQUERYSUSPEND
PBT_APMQUERYSUSPENDFAILED
PBT_APMRESUMECRITICAL

As you can see you may not even need to call RegisterPowerSettingNotification at all to get the events you need! In the case of Windows XP, these are all that you are going to get. On Vista and later however, you may still want to register for additional power events. There are several more event types that you can register for, which are described here. The ones that I cared about were:

GUID_ACDC_POWER_SOURCE
GUID_BATTERY_PERCENTAGE_REMAINING
GUID_MONITOR_POWER_ON

Show Me Teh Codez!

I wrote a sample console application in C that creates a hidden window on a separate thread, tries to register for additional power events if they are available, and then processes the message queue until the user enters input twice. It prints the message type of any window message it receives, but it provides additional information for power events. The application has both 32- and 64-bit builds and has been tested on Windows XP Home RTM 32-bit and Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit.  It is written with Visual Studio 2010 but the code should work on previous versions of VS as well, you’ll just have to migrate the project and solution settings.

NOTE: In order to build for Windows XP RTM/SP1 I targeted the v90 (Visual Studio 2008) toolset. You must have Visual Studio 2008 installed to do this. See my post here on how and why I have to do this.

https://bitbucket.org/zachburlingame/windowspowerevents

Additional Resources

• Michael Dunn has written great article over on Code Project on “Vista Goodies in C++: Monitoring the Computer’s Power Status”
• MSDN: The Power-Aware Application
• Channel 9: How To: Use Vista’s Power Management APIs to Be a Good Laptop Citizen